These are written comments submitted by Friends World Committee for Consultation (Quakers) jointly with Amnesty International, Conscience and Peace Tax International, International Commission of Jurists and War Resisters’ International. They were submitted to the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Vahan Bayatyan (The Applicant) vs. ARMENIA (The Respondent Government). The submission argues that conscientious objection to military service is protected under the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms).